双重束缚
2009/07/22犹如双重思想(double think),双重束缚(double bind)是一种将两个原本矛盾的情境强加于人使其精神分裂的残忍手段。
如果说独裁政治是双重思想的培育皿,那么当代学校便是双重束缚的滋生地。
在学校工作、学习的教务人员、学生们都希望将自己的学校打造成为一个快乐的学习圣地,这是不需要被怀疑的,但是,传统学校先天的下部构造(infrastructure)注定那将是白日做梦。
为适应现代社会舆论的监督,学校确实在一点点地改变,体罚基本被杜绝了,书包与作业在适当地减负,部分学校已经禁止公布成绩排行榜,不少学校正逐步关注个性化教育,不仅有数理特长班,也有艺术特长班,每个学校课后的文娱生活也都有各自的特色,学生们仿佛真的如官方宣传得那样——我们在快乐地学习。
事实真是这样吗?
我曾经解释过,为什么升学率是每个学校的命根,只要影响升学率的标准——分数——不改变,学校就不会获得根本改变,反而会滋生一种可怕的东西,即本文的主题——双重束缚。
那么,学校中的双重束缚又是如何作用于每一位学生的呢?John Holt是这样描述的:
Most of our schools convey to children a very powerful mes-sage, that they are stupid, worthless, untrustworthy, unfit to make even the smallest decisions about their own lives or learning. The message is all the more powerful and effective because it is not said in words. Indeed—and here is the double-bind again—the schools may well be saying all the time how much they like and respect children, how much they value their individual differences, how committed they are to democratic and human values, and so on. If I tell you that you are wise, but treat you like a fool; tell you that you are good, but treat you like a dangerous criminal, you will feel what I feel much more strongly than if I said it directly. Further-more, if I deny that there is any contradiction between what I say and what I do, and forbid you to talk or even think about such a contradiction, and say further that if you even think there may be such a contradiction it proves that you are not worthy of my loving attention, my message about your badness becomes all the stronger, and I am probably pushing you well along the road to craziness as well.
试译:大多数学校都在向学生传递一条强有力的信息,即你们是愚钝的、无用的、不可信赖的,你们没有能力为自己的生活或学习做决定,哪怕需要做决定的事情小之又小。这一信息之所以是强大的、有影响力的,是因为它并不通过言语传递。双重束缚尽显于此,学校确实善于并常常说这一类话——我们是多么地喜欢你们(指学生)、尊重你们,我们是多么地了解个性化差异的价值,我们在教务管理上是多么地民主且重视人性价值,等等。假如我一边告诉你你是多么的聪明,一边又像对待傻瓜一样对待你;假如我一边告诉你你是多么的优秀,一边又像对待危险罪犯一样提防你,你能感受到的一定比我直接用语言来传递要强烈得多。除此之外,假如我否认我所说的和我所做的存在任何矛盾,并且禁止你谈论甚至思考我们的矛盾之处,更进一步讲,如果你怀疑我们言行不一,那只得证明你个人不值得获得我们的关爱。来自我对你的不良评价将愈加强烈,你没准会被我推向通往疯癫的不归之路。
最后,我只想与各位分享一处个人感受,上午我读到上面那段原文的时候,我是边起着鸡皮疙瘩边读完的,我想,如果当时屋里开着空调的话,定是会冒出冷汗的。
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